Immune mechanisms in the pathogenesis of endometriosis: a comprehensive analysis of the role of NK cells, cytokines, and extracellular vesicles/exosomes.
Endometriosis is a chronic, estrogen-dependent inflammatory disorder affecting approximately 10% of women of reproductive age. Retrograde menstruation is widely accepted as a primary mechanism for ectopic endometrial seeding; however, only …
Dietary and Environmental Exposure to Toxic Elements in Endometriosis: A Missing Piece of the Etiological Puzzle?
Background/Objectives: Endometriosis is a chronic estrogen-dependent disease with a complex and incompletely understood etiology. Environmental exposure to toxic elements, including cadmium, lead, mercury, and arsenic, may contribute to its development …
Superficial Peritoneal Endometriosis Beyond Surgical Diagnosis: A Narrative Review of Emerging Functional and Molecular Perspectives.
Background and Objectives: Superficial peritoneal endometriosis (SPE) remains one of the most difficult endometriosis phenotypes to diagnose non-invasively, because lesions are frequently small, multifocal, and poorly detectable using conventional imaging. …