Repeatedly occurring retrograde menstruation intensifies central sensitization driven by neuroinflammation in endometriosis models.
This study investigated how chronic pelvic pain (CPP) develops using rhesus macaques with naturally occurring endometriosis and a multiple-lesion induction mouse model (MIM), as repeated retrograde menstruation is considered an …
Efficacy of probiotic supplementation in reducing primary dysmenorrhea: a double-blinded randomized controlled trial.
Primary dysmenorrhea is painful menstruation in the absence of pelvic pathology, whereas secondary dysmenorrhea is menstrual pain attributable to an underlying pelvic disease (e.g., endometriosis). Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are …