Female infertility is a multifactorial condition with complex biological and clinical underpinnings. Biologically, female-related infertility may stem from disruptions in the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian (HPO) axis, impaired folliculogenesis, oocyte maturation defects, uterine …
The immunology of fertilization, implantation and pregnancy is based on a complex balance between maternal immune tolerance and a controlled inflammatory response. Adaptation of the maternal immune system is essential …
Endometriosis, chronic endometritis (CE), unexplained infertility (UI), and recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) are gynecological conditions frequently associated with inflammation and alterations in the endometrial microbiome. The presence of bacterial vaginosis-associated …
Endometriosis (EMs) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the presence of endometrial tissue in the non-uterine cavity, resulting in dysmenorrhea, pelvic pain, and infertility. Epidemiologic data have suggested the …
Abnormal female reproductive tract microbiota are associated with gynecological disorders such as endometriosis or chronic endometritis and may affect reproductive outcomes. However, the differential diagnostic utility of the vaginal or …