Primary dysmenorrhea is painful menstruation in the absence of pelvic pathology, whereas secondary dysmenorrhea is menstrual pain attributable to an underlying pelvic disease (e.g., endometriosis). Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are …
Phthalates (PAEs), typical endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) that accumulate in the human body to induce reproductive toxicity, have epidemiological links to endometriosis (EM), but the underlying micro-mechanisms remain unclear. Ferroptosis is …
Female reproductive disorders represent a major global health challenge. Despite their clinical heterogeneity, these conditions share core pathological mechanisms including oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, hormonal imbalance, metabolic dysfunction, extracellular matrix …
Endometriosis (EMs) is a common chronic inflammatory gynecological disorder. But the exact pathogenetic mechanism of the disease is not clear, with some theories proposing that the disease is caused by …
Adiposity influences reproductive function via endocrine and immune pathways. The association between body mass index (BMI) and anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) in endometriosis is uncertain, and BMI may not fully capture …
Background/Objectives: Endometriosis is a prevalent gynecological illness associated with chronic pain, inflammation, and infertility, as ectopic endometrial lesions are formed. No fully effective treatment is available, and the pathogenesis of …
Environmental exposures are increasingly linked to reproductive dysfunctions such as endometriosis, ovarian insufficiency, and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Through endocrine disruption, oxidative stress, and epigenetic pathways, heavy metals (such as …
Gynecologic disorders, including infections, sterile inflammatory diseases, endocrine abnormalities, and malignancies, share a common signature of dysregulated immunity within a uniquely hormone-responsive reproductive tract. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are increasingly …
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), including bisphenol A (BPA), phthalates, organochlorine pesticides, and heavy metal ions, pose serious threats to reproductive health by interfering with hormonal balance and molecular signaling pathways. Recent …
Understanding of the impact of endometriosis on adverse early pregnancy outcomes has evolved in recent decades and has been partly attributed to endocrine dysfunction and chronic inflammation. However, data from …